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thanks for joining us we're here in mr

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mission control and i'm joined by dr vic

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cooley who's the lead increment

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scientist thanks for joining us this

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morning

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so we're right in this great transition

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phase we've got a crew that's preparing

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to depart they've been wrapping up their

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long-duration mission which has been

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heavily focused on science and we're

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ready for a new crew

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we know that you you have a team you're

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part of a team that works on

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strategically planning all of this

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science can you tell us a little bit

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about what expedition 41 has done what

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type of highlights have been from their

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science well thank you nicole i'd be

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glad to

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yes so over the past uh eight weeks or

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so we've uh conducted increment 41.

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um it's been a an extreme challenge

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because of two evas that were not

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planned during this time period were

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added late uh

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just before the increment begin but

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despite that and each eva brings with it

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on the order of 100 to 150 hours of

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additional

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crew time activity to accommodate and

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prepare for and then clean up after

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those evas

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but despite all that we were able to get

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all of the critical science done

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and perhaps the key key accomplishment

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in the science activity uh certainly a

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new one for the space station

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is the

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enhanced rodent research facility now

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we've flown rodents on the on the

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shuttle system

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over 20 times over a 30-year period of

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the shuttle life

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but in this case this is a an expanded

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capability

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uh you know we use rodents to as as

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models for bone and muscle loss

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primarily and again that's what this

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effort was about in increment 41. there

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were two key objectives uh to

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uh prove that the new system consisting

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of three pieces of hardware the the

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transporter unit the habitat that the

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mice live in for the however many days

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they're in weightlessness and an access

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unit which is used to transfer mice

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between their habitat and a work volume

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so all three of those pieces of hardware

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worked as expected and the second

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objective

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was to return frozen tissue from the

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mice after either 20 days for some of

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the mice in 30 days for additional mice

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that tissue has been returned from the

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20-day mice on the spacex that landed in

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late october i should say splash down

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off the coast of california on the

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spacex 4 mission

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so um

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the two main objectives for that

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research were well accomplished and and

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now we're looking forward to more

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research in in that area

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and is there more um i guess you're

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alluding to there's more of that

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experiment and research planned for

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expedition 42 uh not for expedition 42

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but in expedition 43 will be

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a spacex 6 mission two spacex vehicles

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from now

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and it will extend the the challenge to

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the to the hardware system we've proven

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that the hardware system can support

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mice and keep them healthy for 30 days

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and now we're going to extend that to 60

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days of course it's designed to to

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support rodents that long um

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so

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there's a big future for rodent research

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you know in the in the 2011

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um

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decadal research by the national

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institute of health or um

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getting my acronyms confused it wasn't

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national institute of health but it was

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one of the

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recommending agencies that helps nasa do

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long-term planning

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and it's called a decadal survey that

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survey

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strongly recommended that

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station develop a rodent research

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capability so this is the first response

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to that and i expect we'll be doing

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rodent research probably in an ongoing

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basis for four years to come

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okay can you tell us some of the other

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research that is planned for expedition

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42 i'd be glad to um

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the last time i talked it was with

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brandy about two months ago we talked

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about the increment 41 science and and

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that time i talked about model organisms

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in all the biological

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experiments that we had over the past

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eight weeks i want to do something

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similar today on the spacex 5 mission in

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in december we have i want to talk about

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seven experiments that are really

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biological in nature

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and i want to do that by going through

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the three laboratory modules one at a

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time and talking about two or three

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investigations in each

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so but first let me point out that you

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know

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these model organism biological type

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investigations are in in no way the only

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type of science we have on the space

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station

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we have lots of physical science

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in materials research and so forth we

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have lots of research looking out at the

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rest of the solar system and the

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universe and we have lots of human

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adaptation

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research going on to

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allow us to explore the solar system

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but today and because of the spacex five

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mission which is particularly uh

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well suited for biological type

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experiments which characteristically

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have to go up for uh the phenomenal

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mission is 30 days and then come home

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after that period of time that that

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profile is is well suited to these

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biological missions so that's why i

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talked about them for spacex 4 and

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that's why i'm talking about them again

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for spacex 5.

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so starting in the columbus module we

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have two cellular level experiments and

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one plant experiment

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yes so the

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columbus module

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shown on the left there

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is uh the known as the well it's the esa

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european space agency uh laboratory

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known as columbus

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the first experiment i want to talk

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about is called triple lux

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this uses blue muscle

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hemocytes now hemocytes are

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are

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phagocytes in this case they actually

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detect and ingest foreign bodies so this

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immune response in the plasma of the

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blood so to speak it's not a cell

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mediated immune response it's outside

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the the other cells and and these

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hemocytes are

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dedicated their sole purpose in life is

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to

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uh detect and ingest and eliminate

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invading threats to the to the organism

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so in this case the the hemocytes will

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be

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incubated some at 0g and some at 1g and

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we use the 1g as a control to

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make sure that we're not misinterpreting

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misinterpreting the effects of

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weightlessness with the effects of

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radiation because that's the other

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strong difference between

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on earth and in space is the radiation

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environment is quite a bit different so

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many

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life science samples are affected by

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radiation so

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several of our experiments have a 0g and

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a 1g

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version of them in this experiment has

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that

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we will look with a through a microscope

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with video at these hema sites as they

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ingest foreign material both in one g

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and zero g

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so that's the triple lux experiment the

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second experiment in the columbus module

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is

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t cell activation in aging

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human

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known as t cells t for the thymus the

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human thymus is below the sternum and

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this is where those cells are produced

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these cells have special receptors on

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their surface that respond to

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threats and they trigger immune

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reactions in in other cells

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so it's uh these these um t cells will

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be incubated

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uh in the cubic incubator in um in the

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esa module and after 75 hours uh they

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will be fixed and returned to earth

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um

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and we will do some genetic analysis on

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them there there

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um

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so that's a little bit different from

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the first experiment the triple lux

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where we were talking about dedicated

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cells

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like antibodies and antigens that that

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go after and eliminate

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threats in this case it's a cell that it

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merely detects and then triggers other

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cellular responses to respond to the

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immune system so there's a fundamental

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difference there

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in the first case it was it was

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invertebrate cells of the blue muscle

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the aquatic blue muscle not muscle cells

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but m-u-s-s-e-l in this case and then in

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the second case it's it's actually human

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white blood cells

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so the third experiment i want to talk

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about is a plant experiment and you did

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speak about the seedling growth

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experiment that's going on this week

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another plant experiment

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in the esa module

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is

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and

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this experiment looks at

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plant cells in particular we're growing

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arabidopsis seeds which happen to be the

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same seeds in the current experiment but

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this approach is is fundamentally

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different

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in that the plant cell walls

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have structural elements known as

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micro

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filaments in

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tubin or

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actin which are plant cell walls

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basically all plant cells aid in the

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structure of holding the plant up

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against gravity

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unlike human cells or excuse me unlike

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animal cells so in plant cells where we

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are again using molecular uh

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biomolecular

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genetics

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at at the very smallest level that we're

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at today in our forefront of science and

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studying how

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uh mechanisms signal each other

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throughout the organism so we're looking

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at signaling pathways

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for how the plants

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change and respond differently in 0g

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versus 1g because now they don't have to

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hold up their structure they don't need

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as much of these actin filaments in the

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cell walls and they grow differently

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so the we're looking at that that

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experiment actually returns

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uh plant tissue

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fixed with para para formaldehyde which

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allows the cell structure to remain

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intact but we also fix other samples

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with a fixative called rna later and

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those are frozen

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unlike the para formaldehyde samples

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which can only be refrigerated so the

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freezing won't burst the cell walls

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for the genetic rna later fixative those

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cells are frozen and then we can do

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molecular analysis on the frozen samples

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but a third

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result from this plant experiment is

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that towards the end of the experiment

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after several days of growth the plant

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tissue will be taken into the u.s lab

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where we have a fluorescent microscope

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and many of the proteins some of the

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proteins that are key in signaling the

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actin how strong to grow uh have been

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tagged with a green fluorescent protein

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a so-called reporter gene that allows an

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observer through on space station

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through this fluorescent microscope and

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it's it's actually a camera that's

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looking through the microscope so the

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scientists on the ground can see the

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and this the

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green fluorescent protein is a technique

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developed in the 90s and in well matured

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today and it's widely used

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so much so that we actually have three

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fluorescent

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microscopes on the space station this

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one happens to be in the fluids rack in

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the u.s lab so we have three ways of

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looking at the results the refrigerator

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return the frozen return and the video

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return of the green pearlescent protein

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which tags the

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structural elements yeah you can see the

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u.s lab is shown circled there in the

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center

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so two other experiments we have in the

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u.s lab as we're proceeding through the

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three labs now

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the other

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the second experiment in the u.s lab is

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known as micro five this uses the model

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organism

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c elegans which is a round worm it's

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also

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known as the nematode and this

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experiment looks at the combined effect

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of reduced immunity we we know that in

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humans and in all organisms there's

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actually reduced immune response in

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microgravity

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and we also know that for some

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pathogens and bacteria like salmonella

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there's increased virulence so the

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combination of these two effects

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is

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both detrimental to the host and we're

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looking at the interactions of increased

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virulence and decreased immunity in the

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cells

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and i'm trying to remember these are

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actual full organisms of the nematode

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i'm pretty sure

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uh in response to the salmonella so in

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this experiment we'll again return both

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refrigerated and frozen samples and do a

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cellular and molecular analysis on those

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well this sounds like a lot of

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fascinating science to come sorry we're

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going to have to wrap it here but

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it just sounds like there's so much

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going on lots of exciting research and

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the best place for folks to learn more

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about these experiments is on our

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website at

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www.nasa.gov station so thank you so

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much dr cooley for joining us and we